Balancing the project and studies was a challenge

How and where did the two of you meet?

Anish: We knew each other as we studied in the same school. Debarghya is into dramatics and I am in the school choir. So we used to bump into each other often. For the last two years we were in the same class and that's how we got to know each other better and we struck a rapport because we have similar interests.

What do you do when you aren't studying?
 
Anish: I like reading all kinds of books and listening to music. I've learnt the keyboard and I like playing it once in a while. I enjoy playing computer games and though I am not an outdoor person I do like a game of cricket every day.

Debarghya: Quite like Anish, I too spend most of my time reading books and listening to music. Besides that I am into dramatics.

How did your parents take the idea of you doing this project?

Debarghya: Both our parents supported us and helped us financially. My dad being in the medical goods business referred to some of his good contacts and could check out some pharmacy designs, understand where and how we could innovate.

I'm sure you must have had differences while working together. How did you resolve them without killing each other?

Anish: Of course! There were times when we wouldn't agree on designs or workability of the design. We would discuss and agree upon incorporate aspects of both our suggestions into the design.

What were the challenges you faced while working on this project?

Anish: Taking time out for this from the school schedule. But again this was something we were enjoying so it wasn't as stressful as you might imagine. Also we got a lot of support from our school. They let us take off whenever we had to travel to Mumbai for the training or otherwise. That takes a lot of pressure off.

Debarghya: Balancing studies with the project. Sometimes it got a little difficult but I guess we managed to strike a good balance after all.

Their design will make it impossible to tamper with bottles

What is the project all about?

Anish: Clamped Bottle Cap: A Novel Tamper-proof Bottle Cap Design is an innovative design that will make it impossible to tamper with bottle caps. Debarghya and I would notice a lot of people not discarding their mineral water bottles properly. We thought of coming up with this idea so as to minimise the tampering.

Debarghya: The design can also be used for bottles carrying IV fluids and other medical liquids. These will be single-use caps while those used for mineral water bottles will be multiple-use ones so the bottle can be used later for personal use but it will show that the seal has been broken once. You wont be able to cheat and repackage that bottle to be sold again.

How did you get to the International Science and Engineering Fair?

Anish: We had submitted five projects of which this one got short-listed and was an entry for IRIS (Initiative for Research and Innovation in Science) Science fair.

The IRIS fair is the largest science and engineering fair for innovative research based projects at the school and junior college level in India.

The scientific review committee selected our project and we won the first place at the fair.

After that we were assigned a mentor and had to attend special coaching sessions in Mumbai where we worked on bettering the design.

With this design we participated in the International Science and Engineering Fair at Nevada, where we won the second grand prize and have a minor planet each named after us.

What is a minor planet and who decides what to name it?

Anish: A minor planet is smaller than a planet but larger than a comet. It directly orbits the sun. There are over two lakh minor planets been discovered so far.

MIT Lincoln Labs discovered the two minor planets that have been named after us were. So they get the right to name them. Since Lincoln Labs was associated with International Science and Engineering Fair, they had offered this as a prize.

Did you expect to win?

Anish: Honestly, when we started off neither of us thought we'd get this far. But when we won at the national level, our morale got a boost and we were positive of doing well at the international fair.

Are you planning to market your product?

Debarghya: Not yet. We have applied for a patent for the design and are still waiting for it to come through. We haven't as yet thought about how to go about marketing it.

Could you tell us something about yourself?

Anish: I completed my higher secondary this year from South Point High School and am studying electrical engineering Jadavpur University. My father is a government servant and works with Food Corporation of India. My mother's a homemaker. I live in a joint family with my grandparents and uncle and aunt and a cousin who works as a tax analyst at PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Debarghya: Anish and I have been classmates. I'm also studying electrical engineering at Jadavpur University. My mother is a homemaker and my father is in the medical goods business.

These boys have planets named after them

Meet Anish Mukherjee and Debarghya Sarkar whose bottle cap project has earned them the honour of having two minor planets named after them. They talk about coping with studies and what drives them to excel.

The two young boys you see in the picture alongside have touched heaven, literally.

Anish Mukherjee (18) and Debarghya Sarkar (19) have just graduated from South Point High School in Kolkata and already have one minor planet each being named after them.

Minor planet 2000 AH52 (Citation No 25629) is now known as Mukherjee and minor planet 2000 AT53 (Citation No 25630) is named after Sarkar.

This reward is a result of an unsuspecting bottle cap design, which the two are now in the process of patenting.

For the last eight months Mukherjee and Sarkar have been working on an innovative design that would make bottle-caps completely tamper proof.

They presented their design at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair at Reno in Nevada last year and won the second grand prize -- the honour of having a minor planet each being named after them.

Discovered by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, these heavenly bodies were officially named sometime in March and Mukherjee and Sarkar were informed about it late last month.

The two who have been classmates for the last couple of years at South Point High School are now studying in Jadavpur University.

Anish Mukherjee and Debarghya Sarkar tell us how they balanced their project and schoolwork and managed to etch their names in space.

Image: Anish Mukherjee (L) and Debarghya Sarkar at the International Science and Engineering Fair

List of Intel microprocessors -II

The 16-bit processors: origin of x86

8086

Introduced June 8, 1978
Clock rates:

4.77 MHz with 0.33 MIPS[3]
8 MHz with 0.66 MIPS
10 MHz with 0.75 MIPS

The memory is divided into odd and even banks. It accesses both the
banks simultaneuosly in order to read 16 bit of data in one clock
cycle.
Bus Width 16 bits data, 20 bits address
Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
Addressable memory 1 megabyte
Up to 10X the performance of 8080 (typically lower)
Used in portable computing, and in the IBM PS/2 Model 25 and Model 30.
Also used in the AT&T PC6300 / Olivetti M24, a popular IBM
PC-compatible (predating the IBM PS/2 line.)
Used segment registers to access more than 64 KB of data at once,
which many programmers complained made their work excessively
difficult.

8088

Introduced June 1, 1979
Clock rates:

4.77 MHz with 0.33 MIPS
8 MHz with 0.75 MIPS [4]

Internal architecture 16 bits
External bus Width 8 bits data, 20 bits address
Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
Addressable memory 1 megabyte
Identical to 8086 except for its 8 bit external bus (hence an 8
instead of a 6 at the end)
Used in IBM PCs and PC clones
Used inside the English designed computers called Dragon32, Dragon64

MCS-86 Family

8086-CPU [5]
8087-Math-CoProcessor [6]
8088-CPU
8089-Input/Output Co-Processor [7]
8208-Dynamic RAM Controller [8]
8284-Clock Generator & Driver [9]
8286-Octal Bus Transceiver
8287-Octal Bus Transceiver
8288-Bus Controller [10]
8289-Bus Arbiter [11]
80130-iRMX 86 Operating System Processors [12]
80186-CPU [13]
80188-CPU [14]
80286-CPU [15]
80287-Math-Coprocessor [16]
82050-Communication Controller [17]
82062-Winchester Disk Controller (ST-506)[18]
82064-Floppy Disk Controller [19]
82091-Advanced Integrated Peripheral [20]
82188-Bus Controller [21]
82288-Bus Controller [22]
82389-Message Passing Coprocessor [23]
82503-Dual Serial Transceiver[24]
82510-Communication Controller [25]
82530-Serial Communication Controller [26]
82577-PCI LAN Controller [27]
82586-IEEE 802.3 EtherNET LAN CoProcessor [28]
82596-LAN-CoProcessor [29]
82730-Text Coprocessor [30]
80386-CPU [31]
80321-I/O Processor [32]
80387-Math-CoProcessor [33]

[edit] 80186

Introduced 1982
Clock rates

6 MHz with > 1 MIPS

Number of Transistors 29,000 at 2 µm
Included two timers, a DMA controller, and an interrupt controller on
the chip in addition to the processor (These were at fixed addresses
which differed from the IBM PC, making it impossible to build a 100%
PC-compatible computer around the 80186.)
Added a few opcodes and exceptions to the 8086 design; otherwise
identical instruction set to 8086 and 8088.
Used mostly in embedded applications – controllers, point-of-sale
systems, terminals, and the like
Used in several non-PC-Compatible MS-DOS computers including RM
Nimbus, Tandy 2000
Later renamed the iAPX 186

[edit] 80188

A version of the 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus
Later renamed the iAPX 188

[edit] 80286

Introduced February 1, 1982
Clock rates:

6 MHz with 0.9 MIPS
8 MHz, 10 MHz with 1.5 MIPS
12.5 MHz with 2.66 MIPS
16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz available.

Bus Width: 16 bit data, 24 bit address.
Included memory protection hardware to support multitasking operating
systems with per-process address space
Number of Transistors 134,000 at 1.5 µm
Addressable memory 16 MB (16 MB)
Added protected-mode features to 8086 with essentially the same instruction set
3-6X the performance of the 8086
Widely used in IBM-PC AT and AT clones contemporary to it

[edit] 32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors

[edit] iAPX 432

Introduced January 1, 1981 as Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor
Multi-chip CPU; Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor
Object/capability architecture
Microcoded operating system primitives
One terabyte virtual address space
Hardware support for fault tolerance
Two-chip General Data Processor (GDP), consists of 43201 and 43202
43203 Interface Processor (IP) interfaces to I/O subsystem
43204 Bus Interface Unit (BIU) simplifies building multiprocessor systems
43205 Memory Control Unit (MCU)
Architecture and execution unit internal data paths 32 bit
Clock rates:

5 MHz
7 MHz
8 MHz

[edit] i960 aka 80960

Introduced April 5, 1988
RISC-like 32-bit architecture
Predominantly used in embedded systems
Evolved from the capability processor developed for the BiiN joint
venture with Siemens
Many variants identified by two-letter suffixes.

80386SX (chronological entry)

Introduced June 16, 1988
See main entry

80376 (chronological entry)

Introduced January 16, 1989
See main entry

[edit] i860 aka 80860

Introduced February 27, 1989
RISC 32/64-bit architecture, with pipeline characteristics very
visible to programmer
Used in Intel Paragon massively parallel supercomputer

[edit] XScale

Introduced August 23, 2000
32-bit RISC microprocessor based on the ARM architecture
Many variants, such as the PXA2xx applications processors, IOP3xx I/O
processors and IXP2xxx and IXP4xx network processors.

[edit] 32-bit processors: the 80386 range

[edit] 80386DX

Introduced October 17, 1985
Clock rates:

16 MHz with 5 to 6 MIPS
20 MHz with 6 to 7 MIPS, introduced February 16, 1987
25 MHz with 8.5 MIPS, introduced April 4, 1988
33 MHz with 11.4 MIPS (9.4 SPECint92 on Compaq/i 16K L2), introduced
April 10, 1989

Bus Width 32 bit data, 32 bit address
Number of Transistors 275,000 at 1 µm
Addressable memory 4 GB (4 GB)
Virtual memory 64 TB (64 TiB)
First x86 chip to handle 32-bit data sets
Reworked and expanded memory protection support including paged
virtual memory and virtual-86 mode, features required at the time by
Xenix and Unix. This memory capability spurred the development and
availability of OS/2 and is a fundamental requirement for modern
operating systems like Linux, Vista, and MacOS.
Used in Desktop computing

80960 (i960) (chronological entry)

Introduced April 5, 1988
See main entry

[edit] 80386SX

Introduced June 16, 1988
Clock rates:

16 MHz with 2.5 MIPS
20 MHz with 2.5 MIPS, introduced January 25, 1989
25 MHz with 2.7 MIPS, introduced January 25, 1989
33 MHz with 2.9 MIPS, introduced October 26, 1992

Internal architecture 32 bits
External data bus width 16 bits
External address bus width 24 bits
Number of Transistors 275,000 at 1 µm
Addressable memory 16 MB
Virtual memory 32 GB
Narrower buses enable low-cost 32-bit processing
Used in entry-level desktop and portable computing
No Math Co-Processor
No commercial Software used for protected mode or virtual storage for many years

[edit] 80376

The Intel i376 is an embedded version of the i386SX.

Introduced January 16, 1989; Discontinued June 15, 2001
Variant of 386SX intended for embedded systems
No "real mode", starts up directly in "protected mode"
Replaced by much more successful 80386EX from 1994

80860 (i860) (chronological entry)

Introduced February 27, 1989
See main entry

80486DX (chronological entry)

Introduced April 10, 1989
See main entry

[edit] 80386SL

Introduced October 15, 1990
Clock rates:

20 MHz with 4.21 MIPS
25 MHz with 5.3 MIPS, introduced September 30, 1991

Internal architecture 32 bits
External bus width 16 bits
Number of Transistors 855,000 at 1 µm
Addressable memory 4 GB
Virtual memory 1 TB
First chip specifically made for portable computers because of low
power consumption of chip
Highly integrated, includes cache, bus, and memory controllers

List of Intel microprocessors

Intel 4004: first single-chip microprocessor

Introduced November 15, 1971
Clock rate 740 kHz
0.07 MIPS
Bus Width 4 bits (multiplexed address/data due to limited pins)
PMOS
Number of Transistors 2,300 at 10 µm
Addressable Memory 640 bytes
Program Memory 4 KB (4 KB)
One of the earliest Commercial  Microprocessors (cf. Four Phase Systems AL1, F14 CADC)
Originally designed to be used in Busicom calculator

MCS-4 Family:

4004-CPU
4001-ROM & 4 Bit Port
4002-RAM & 4 Bit Port
4003-10 Bit Shift Register
4008-Memory+I/O Interface
4009-Memory+I/O Interface

4040

MCS-40 Family:

4040-CPU
4101-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM with separate I/O
4201-4MHz Clock Generator
4207-General Purpose Byte I/O Port
4209-General Purpose Byte I/O Port
4211-General Purpose Byte I/O Port
4265-Programmable General Purpose I/O Device
4269-Programmable Keyboard Display Device
4289-Standard Memory Interface for MCS-4/40
4308-8192-bit (1024 x 8) ROM w/ 4-bit I/O Ports
4316-16384-bit (2048 x 8) Static ROM
4702-2048-bit (256 x 8) EPROM
4801–5.185 MHz Clock Generator Crystal for 4004/4201A or 4040/4201A

The 8-bit processors

8008

Introduced April 1, 1972
Clock rate 500 kHz (8008–1: 800 kHz)
0.05 MIPS
Bus Width 8 bits (multiplexed address/data due to limited pins)
Enhancement load PMOS logic
Number of Transistors 3,500 at 10 µm
Addressable memory 16 KB
Typical in early 8 bit microcomputers, dumb terminals, general calculators, bottling machines
Developed in tandem with 4004
Originally intended for use in the Datapoint 2200 microcomputer
Key volume deployment in Texas Instruments 742 microcomputer in >3,000 Ford dealerships

8080

Introduced April 1, 1974
Clock rate 2 MHz
0.64 MIPS
Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address
Enhancement load NMOS logic
Number of Transistors 6,000
Assembly language downwards compatible with 8008.
Addressable memory 64 KB
Up to 10X the performance of the 8008
Used in the Altair 8800, Traffic light controller, cruise missile
Required six support chips versus 20 for the 8008

8085

Introduced March 1976
Clock rate 2 MHz
0.37 MIPS
Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address
Depletion load NMOS logic
Number of Transistors 6,500 at 3 µm
Binary compatible downwards with the 8080.
Used in Toledo scales. Also was used as a computer peripheral controller – modems, harddisks,printers, etc...
CMOS 80C85 in Mars Sojourner, Radio Shack Model 100 portable.
High level of integration, operating for the first time on a single 5 volt power supply, from 12 volts previously. Also featured serial I/O,3 maskable interrupts,1 Non-maskable interrupt,1 externally expandable interrupt w/[8259],status,DMA.

MCS-85 Family:

8085-CPU
8155-RAM+ 3 I/O Ports+Timer "Active Low CS"
8156-RAM+ 3 I/O Ports+Timer "Active High CS"
8185-SRAM
8202-Dynamic RAM Controller
8203-Dynamic RAM Controller
8205-1 Of 8 Binary Decoder
8206-Error Detection & Correction Unit
8207-DRAM Controller
8210-TTL To MOS Shifter & High Voltage Clock Driver
8212-8 Bit I/O Port
8216-4 Bit Parallel Bidirectional Bus Driver

Intel 8085.

8219-Bus Controller
8222-Dynamic RAM Refresh Controller
8226-4 Bit Parallel Bidirectional Bus Driver
8231-Arithmetic Processing Unit
8232-Floating Point Processor
8237-DMA Controller
8244-General Purpose Graphics Display Device (SECAM System)
8245-General Purpose Graphics Display Device (PAL System)
8251-Communication Controller
8253-Programmable Interval Timer
8254-Programmable Interval Timer
8255-Programmable Peripheral Interface
8256-Multifunction Support Controller
8257-DMA Controller
8259-Programmable Interrupt Controller
8271-Programmable Floppy Disk Controller
8272-Single/Double Density Floppy Disk Controller
8273-Programmable HDLC/SDLC Protocol Controller
8274-Multi-Protocol Serial Controller
8275-CRT Controller
8276-Small System CRT Controller
8278-Programmable KeyBoard Interface
8279-KeyBoard/Display Controller
8282-8-bit Non-Inverting Latch with Output Buffer
8283-8-bit Inverting Latch with Output Buffer
8291-GPIB Talker/Listener
8292-GPIB Controller
8293-GPIB Transceiver
8294-Data Encryption/Decryption Unit+1 O/P Port
8295-Dot Matrix Printer Controller
8296-GPIB Transceiver
8297-GPIB Transceiver
8355-16,384-bit (2048 x 8) ROM with I/O
8604-4096-bit (512 x 8) PROM
8702-2K-bit (256 x 8 ) PROM
8755-EPROM+2 I/O Ports

Microcontrollers

Intel 8048

Single accumulator Harvard architecture

MCS-48 Family

Intel 8748.

8020-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8021-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8022-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller With On Chip A/D Converter
8035-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8039-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8040-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8041-Universal Peripheral Interface 8-Bit Slave Microcontroller
8641-Universal Peripheral Interface 8-Bit Slave Microcontroller
8741-Universal Peripheral Interface 8-Bit Slave Microcontroller
8042-Universal Peripheral Interface 8-Bit Slave Microcontroller
8742-Universal Peripheral Interface 8-Bit Slave Microcontroller
8243-Input/Output Expander
8048-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8048-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller 8748-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8049-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8048-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller 8749-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller
8050-Single-Component 8-Bit Microcontroller

Intel 8051

Single accumulator Harvard architecture

MCS-51 Family

Intel R8751H.

8031-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8032-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8044-High Performance 8-Bit Microcontroller With On-Chip Serial Communication Controller
8344-High Performance 8-Bit Microcontroller With On-Chip Serial Communication Controller
8744-High Performance 8-Bit Microcontroller With On-Chip Serial Communication Controller
8051-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8052-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8054-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8058-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8351-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8352-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8354-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8358-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8751-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8752-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8754-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
8758-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
80151-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
83151-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
87151-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
80152-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
83152-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
80251-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
83251-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller
87251-8-Bit Control-Oriented Microcontroller

[edit] MCS-96 Family

Intel 8797.

8094-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin ROMLess Without A/D)
8095-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin ROMLess With A/D)
8096-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin ROMLess Without A/D)
8097-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin ROMLess With A/D)
8394-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin With ROM Without A/D)
8395-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin With ROM With A/D)
8396-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin With ROM Without A/D)
8397-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin With ROM With A/D)
8794-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin With EROM Without A/D)
8795-16-Bit Microcontroller (48-Pin With EROM With A/D)
8796-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin With EROM Without A/D)
8797-16-Bit Microcontroller (68-Pin With EROM With A/D)
8098-16-Bit Microcontroller
8398-16-Bit Microcontroller
8798-16-Bit Microcontroller
80196-16-Bit Microcontroller
83196-16-Bit Microcontroller
87196-16-Bit Microcontroller
80296-16-Bit Microcontroller

The bit-slice processor

3000 Family

Intel D3002.

Introduced 3rd Qtr, 1974 Members of the family

3001-Microcontrol Unit
3002-2-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit slice
3003-Look-ahead Carry Generator
3205-High-performance 1 Of 8 Binary Decoder
3207-Quad Bipolar-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver
3208-Hex Sense Amp and Latch for MOS Memories
3210-TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and High Voltage Clock Driver
3211-ECL-to-MOS Level Shifter and High Voltage Clock Driver
3212-Multimode Latch Buffer
3214-Interrupt Control Unit
3216-Parallel,Inverting Bi-Directional Bus Driver
3222-Refresh Controller for 4K NMOS DRAMs
3226-Parallel,Inverting Bi-Directional Bus Driver
3232-Address Multiplexer and Refresh Counter for 4K DRAMs
3235-Quad Bipolar-to-MOS Driver
3242-Address Multiplexer and Refresh Counter for 16K DRAMs
3245-Quad Bipolar TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K
3246-Quad Bipolar ECL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K
3404-High-performance 6-bit Latch
3408-Hex Sense Amp and Latch for MOS Memories

Bus Width 2-n bits data/address (depending on number of slices used)

[edit] iPLDs:Intel Programmable Logic Devices

[edit] PLDs Family

Intel iPLD CJ5C090-50.

iFX780-10ns FLEXlogic FPGA With SRAM Option
85C220-80 And 66 Fast Registerd bandwidth 8-Macrocell PLDs
85C224-80 And 66 Fast Registerd bandwidth 8-Macrocell PLDs
85C22V10-Fast 10-Macrocell CHMOS μPLD
85C060-Fast 16-Macrocell CHMOS PLD
85C090-Fast 24-Macrocell CHMOS PLD
85C508-Fast 1-Micron CHMOS Decoder/Latch μPLD
85C960-Programmable Bus Control PLD
5AC312-1-Micron CHMOS EPLD
5AC324-1-Micron CHMOS EPLD
5C121-EPLD
5C031-300 Gate CMOS PLD
5C032-8-Macrocell PLD
5C060-16-Macrocell PLD
5C090-24-Macrocell PLD
5C180-48-Macrocell PLD

Signal Processor

2900 Family

2910-PCM CODEC – µ Law
2911-PCM CODEC – A Law
2912-PCM Line Filters
2913-Combined Single Chip PCM Code And Filter
2914-Combination Codec/Filter
2916-16 Pin CHMOS Single-Chip PCM Codec And Filter µ-Law
2917-16 Pin CHMOS Single-Chip PCM Codec And Filter A-Law
2920-Signal Processor
2921-ROM Signal Processor
2948-Feature Control Combo
2950-Feature Control Combo 22-pin ,7 Signaling Channels
2951-Feature Control Combo 28-pin ,7 Signaling Channels,Secondary Analog Inputs And Outputs
2952-Integrated I/O Controller
2953-Advanced Transceiver
2970-Single Chip Modem

Digital Clocks Processor

5000 Family

Intel Clock.

These devices are CMOS technology.

5101-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM
5201/5202-LCD Decoder-Driver
5203 LCD Driver
5204-Time Seconds/Date LCD Decoder-Driver
5234-Quad CMOS-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K NMOS RAMs
5235-Quad CMOS TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K NMOS
5244-Quad CCD Clock Driver
5801-Low Power Oscillator-Divider
5810-Single Chip LCD Time/Seconds/Date Watch Circuit
5814 4-Digit LCD.
5816 6-Digit LCD.
5830 6-Digit LCD + Chronograph Business Sold.

The 16-bit processors: origin of x86

8086

Introduced June 8, 1978
Clock rates:

4.77 MHz with 0.33 MIPS
8 MHz with 0.66 MIPS
10 MHz with 0.75 MIPS

The memory is divided into odd and even banks. It accesses both the banks simultaneuosly in order to read 16 bit of data in one clock cycle.
Bus Width 16 bits data, 20 bits address
Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
Addressable memory 1 megabyte
Up to 10X the performance of 8080 (typically lower)
Used in portable computing, and in the IBM PS/2 Model 25 and Model 30. Also used in the AT&T PC6300 / Olivetti M24, a popular IBM PC-compatible (predating the IBM PS/2 line.)
Used segment registers to access more than 64 KB of data at once, which many programmers complained made their work excessively difficult.

8088

Introduced June 1, 1979
Clock rates:

4.77 MHz with 0.33 MIPS
8 MHz with 0.75 MIPS

Internal architecture 16 bits
External bus Width 8 bits data, 20 bits address
Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
Addressable memory 1 megabyte
Identical to 8086 except for its 8 bit external bus (hence an 8 instead of a 6 at the end)
Used in IBM PCs and PC clones
Used inside the English designed computers called Dragon32, Dragon64

Don't miss even a single word... Too good

Don't miss even a single    

       word... Too good 

An atheist professor of philosophy speaks to his class on the problem science has with God, The Almighty. 
He asks one of his new students to stand and.....

Prof: So you believe in God? 

Student: Absolutely, sir. 
Prof: Is God good? 
Student: Sure. 
Prof: Is God all-powerful? 
Student: Yes. 
Prof: My brother died of cancer even though he prayed to God to heal him. Most of us would attempt to help others who are ill. But God didn't. How is this God good then? Hmm? (Student is silent.) 
Prof: You can't answer, can you? Let's start again, young fella. Is God good? 
Student: Yes. 
Prof: Is Satan good? 
Student: No. 
Prof: Where does Satan come from? 
Student: From...God.. . 
Prof: That's right. Tell me son, is there evil in this world? 
Student: Yes. 
Prof: Evil is everywhere, isn't it? And God did make everything. Correct? 
Student: Yes. 
Prof: So who created evil? (Student does not answer.) 
Prof: Is there sickness? Immorality? Hatred? Ugliness? All these terrible things exist in the world, don't they? 
Student: Yes, sir. 
Prof: So, who created them? (Student has no answer.) 
Prof: Science says you have 5 senses you use to identify and observe the world around you. Tell me, son...Have you ever seen God? 
Student: No, sir. 
Prof: Tell us if you have ever heard your God? 
Student: No, sir. 
Prof: Have you ever felt your God, tasted your God, smelt your God? Have you ever had any sensory perception of God for that matter? 
Student: No, sir. I'm afraid I haven't. 
Prof: Yet you still believe in Him? 
Student: Yes. 
Prof: According to empirical, testable, demonstrable protocol, science says your GOD doesn't exist. What do you say to that, son? 
Student: Nothing. I only have my faith. 
Prof: Yes. Faith. And that is the problem science has. 
Student: Professor, is there such a thing as heat? 
Prof: Yes. 
Student: And is there such a thing as cold? 
Prof: Yes. 
Student: No sir. There isn't. (The lecture theatre becomes very quiet with this turn of events.) 
Student: Sir, you can have lots of heat, even more heat, superheat, mega heat, white heat, a little heat or no heat. But we don't have anything called cold. We can hit 458 degrees below zero which is no heat, but we can't go any further after that. 
There is no such thing as cold . Cold is only a word we use to describe the absence of heat. We cannot measure cold. Heat is energy . Cold is not the opposite of heat, sir, just the absence of it. (There is pin-drop silence in the lecture theatre..) 
Student: What about darkness, Professor? Is there such a thing as darkness? 
Prof: Yes. What is night if there isn't darkness? 
Student : You're wrong again, sir. Darkness is the absence of something.You can have low light, normal light, bright light, flashing light....But if you have no light constantly, you have nothing and it's called darkness, isn't it? In reality, darkness isn't. If it were you would be able to make darkness darker, wouldn't you? 
Prof: So what is the point you are making, young man? 
Student: Sir, my point is your philosophical premise is flawed. 
Prof: Flawed? Can you explain how? 
Student: Sir, you are working on the premise of duality. You argue there is life and then there is death, a good God and a bad God. You are viewing the concept of God as something finite, something we can measure. Sir, science can't even explain a thought. It uses electricity and magnetism, but has never seen, much less fully understood either one.To view death as the opposite of life is to be ignorant of the fact that death cannot exist as a substantive thing. Death is not the opposite of life: just the absence of it.. 
Now tell me, Professor.Do you teach your students that they evolved from a monkey? 
Prof: If you are referring to the natural evolutionary process, yes, of course, I do. 
Student: Have you ever observed evolution with your own eyes, sir? 
(The Professor shakes his head with a smile, beginning to realize where the argument is going.) 
Student: Since no one has ever observed the process of evolution at work and cannot even prove that this process is an on-going endeavor, are you not teaching your opinion, sir? Are you not a scientist but a preacher? (The class is in uproar.) 
Student: Is there anyone in the class who has ever seen the Professor's brain? 
(The class breaks out into laughter.) 
Student: Is there anyone here who has ever heard the Professor's brain, felt it, touched or smelt it? No one appears to have done so. So, according to the established rules of empirical, stable, demonstrable protocol, science says that you have no brain,sir. 
With all due respect, sir, how do we then trust your lectures, sir? 
(The room is silent. The professor stares at the student, his face unfathomable. ) 
Prof: I guess you'll have to take them on faith, son. 
Student: That is it sir... The link between man & god is FAITH . That is all that keeps things moving & alive. 

NB: I believe you have enjoyed the conversation. ..and if so...you'll probably want your friends/colleagues to enjoy the same...won't you?.... 
this is a true story, and the 

student was none other than........ .
.. 
. 
. 
.. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
.. 
. 
APJ Abdul Kalam, the former president of India . 
Have Faith...God loves you !

Tiger Woods Tops List of Best-Paid Athletes in U.S.

While baseball is the most popular sport in Korea, with an average annual salary of W86.87 million per player it is not the highest paying (US$1=W1,205). That honor goes to basketball, where players earn an average of W132.18 million each.

What about the world's largest sports market, the U.S.? In a list by Sports Illustrated of America's 50 highest-earning athletes, 16 of them play in the National Basketball Association, 15 are in the National Football League, and 13 Major League Baseball players.

LeBron James, who recently moved to the Miami Heat, was the top earner in the NBA and fourth overall with income of US$45.8 million last year. Three other NBA players made it in the top 10 -- Shaquille O'Neal (6th), Kobe Bryant (7th) and Dwayne Wade (10th).

Only two baseball players, Derek Jeter and Alex Rodriguez, both of the New York Yankees, placed in the top 10.

The richest among the rich was Tiger Woods, having pulled in $90.51 million last year despite his extramarital affair scandal, edging out fellow golfer Phil Mickelson who took home $61.67 million.

LANKA GIVE GRAND FAREWELL TO MURALI AS HE SCRIPTS FAIRYTALE FINISH TO TEST CAREER

Galle: The most complex bowler of our times, and the most prolific, had bagged his 800th, an entirely personal landmark which has raised the bar so unthinkably high that none will dare contemplate even coming close. What reasonable target can a good bowler, off-spinner or otherwise, set for himself now, given shortened career spans and the dwindling frequency of Tests?
    The moment also marked the end of one of the greatest eras in spin bowling, with three geniuses— Murali, Shane Warne and Anil Kumble— who have regaled, entertained and teased fans with their wizardry for the larger part of two decades, now gone. Mysteriously, this was also supposed to be the period of alleged demise of spin bowling.
    It's amazing how Murali's persistence scripted the perfect fairytale finish. There was pressure, as he admitted later, for no less was expected of him. He captured his 67th five-wicket haul in the first innings to raise expectation. Captain Kumar Sangakkara gave him ample opportunity, removing the devastating Lasith Malinga from the attack. Would Murali's farewell and the quest for an impossible figure dash Sri Lanka's victory march?
    True to form for someone whose career cycle has been marked by endless controversy over his action, inevitably followed by a masterful performance, Murali mastered the odds in his last Test too. He played an instrumental role as India went down by 10 wickets to lose the first Test of the series (even if the Test's outcome was lost in the outpouring of joy for Murali).

    "It was tense, I was worried because we needed to win,'' the modest and forthright Murali said later. "I have had my share of those who did not believe. But life is all about forgetting and forgiving. You won't miss me much.''
    He's, of course, wrong. Murali faced abuse in Australia, had detractors within the establishment, underwent biometric tests to prove he was above board. Some like Bedi will never be convinced. But it's testimony to his grand bag of tricks that no batsman can claim to have ever mastered his wrist-spinner's off-breaks, or that Houdini of a Doosra.
    Eight hundred wickets for one man, in an 18-year career, isn't cricket's equivalent of landing on the moon. It's cricket's equivalent of discovering alien life. That's how unique Murali was, both on and off the field. The only Tamil to play cricket for Sri Lanka, he has been a flag-bearer both for his people and the island-nation in times of war and ethnic strife. There is no greater unifier in Lanka than Murali.
    His send-off was a grand, almost a family affair, the likes of which have not been seen in cricket before, not for Sobers or Bradman or Gavaskar. Marching bands trumpeted their stuff with military reverence. His parents, wife and son were invited on the dias. For the last time on a cricket field, but not for the first, Murali spoke for the majority of cricket lovers, not a minority.